Developing tissue chips that can be used for modeling of acute and/or chronic exposures for 6 months or longer 3D tissues and microphysiological systems (MPS) replicate human organs using organ-specific cells—such as heart, pancreatic, liver, and others—on small devices, roughly the size of a USB drive. Researchers and clinicians use these tissue chips to test and observe how cells respond to various environmental factors (such as radiation and microgravity) and treatments (including medications and chemotherapy). This effort, sponsored by NASA’s [RI1] [CL(D2] [CL(D3] Biological and Physical Sciences Division, reflects a collaboration between NASA’s Space Biology Program, NASA’s Human Research Program, NIH’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), the NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and the FDA. The agencies selected nine projects that will adapt existing 3D tissues and microphysiological systems (MPS) — also known as “tissue chips” or “organs-on-chips” — to expand tissue viability and robust function for a minimum of 6 months and fully test and validate these models for acute and chronic stressors.